Fifth paper
General endocrinology I
Year – 2016
a.
“Hypothalamus is a neuro-endocrine organ” – Justify the statement. b. Discuss
the mechanism of action of hormones that act on cytosolic or intracellular
receptors. 4+6
OR
a.
What do you mean by positive and negative feedback mechanism in the regulation
of hormone secretion? b. How secretion of melatonin is regulated? c. Discuss briefly the functions of melatonin.
3+2+5
Year – 2015
1.a.What
are hypophysiotropic hormones/ Hypothalamic releasing factor. b. Mention their
functions on anterior pituitary. c. How the secretion of hypothalamic releasing
factors are regulated? 2+4+4
OR
a.
How the synthesized posterior pituitary hormones are transported from their
site of synthesis to hypothalamus to their site of release at posterior
pituitary? b. How the secretions of posterior pituitary hormones are regulated?
c. Discuss the functions of posterior pituitary hormones as
i.
Milk ejection in lactating mothers.
ii.
Osmolarity in blood.
Year – 2014
a.
What do you mean by positive and negative feedback mechanism? b. How GnRH
regulates the gonadotropins secretion from anterior pituitary?
OR
a.
State briefly the chemical nature and biosynthesis of melatonin. b. How the
secretion of melatonin is regulated? (2+4)+4
Year – 2013
a.
“Hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ justify” – justify. b. Discuss the
physiological role of oxytosin in the control of milk release in humans. 6+4
OR
a.
Describe the physiological functions of growth hormone. b. What are
somatomedins? 8+2
Year – 2012
a.
Discuss the role of DAG and IP3 as second messenger in hormone
action. 10
OR
a.
Discuss the role of hypothalamus in the regulation of secretion of hormones
from anterior pituitary. 10
Year
– 2011
a.
Mention the names of cells of anterior pituitary and their secretary products.
b. Describe the source, chemistry and functions of growth hormone. c. Why the
action of growth hormone on growth is inhibited after attainment of a
particular age. 1+2+10+3
Year – 2010
1.
Discuss with examples the positive feedback and negative feedback in the
regulation of hormone secretion. 10
2.
State the functions of pineal hormones. 5
3.
MSH 5
Year – 2009
1.
Discuss the role of hypothalamus in the regulation of secretion of hormones
from anterior pituitary. 10
OR
1.
Discuss the role of G proteins in mediating hormone action. 10
Year – 2008
1.
Discuss the role of DAG and IP3 as second messenger of hormonal
action. 10
OR
2.a.
Give the structures of posterior pituitary hormones mentioning their site of
synthesis. b. Discuss the role of posterior pituitary hormones in the
maintenance of body fluid osmolarity, milk ejection and parturition. c. Why
uterine contractions remain inhibited during pregnancy?
General endocrinology II
Year – 2016
a.
How the secretion of thyroid gland is regulated? b. Discuss the effects of
thyroid hormones on growth and metabolism. 2+(4+4)
OR
a.
Describe with suitable diagram the histological structure of thymus gland. b.
Discuss the chemical nature and functions of thymic hormones. 4+(3+3)
Year-2015
a.
What is the normal blood calcium level? b. Name the hormones that are concerned
with the regulation of normal blood calcium level. c. Discuss their actions on
on the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. 1+3+6
OR
a. Name the source and chemistry of PTH. B.
Discuss the functions of PTH. C. How the secretion of PTH is regulated? 2+5+3
Year-2014
a.
Discuss the functions of thyroid hormones on growth and metabolism. B. What is
reverse t3 (nT3)? C. How TSH regulates the secretions of
thyroid hormones? (2+4)+1+3
OR
a.
What is wolf-chaikoff effect? B. Discuss the mode of action and fuctions of
thymic hormones. C. What are functions of thyro-calcitonin? 2+(3+3)+2
Year- 2013
a.
Describe the histological structure of thyroid gland with the help of suitable diagram. b. How does the
thyroid gland accumulate iodide required for hormone bio-synthesis? C. Describe
in brief the clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis/ Grave’s disease 4+3+3
OR
a.
describe with a suitable diagram the histological structure of thymus. B. What
are thymosins? C. How does parathormone affect plasma calcium levels ? 4+2+4
Year 2012
a.
State the source, chemistry and synthesis of calcitriol. Discuss briefly the
functions of this hormone. 1+1+3+4
OR
a.
Describe with neat diagram the histological structures of thyroid gland in
normal, hypoactive and hyperactive conditions. B. Why tyrosine is converted to triiodothyrosine in peripheral tissues? C.
Discuss the functions of thyroid hormone on growth and metabolism. D. How the
secretion of thyroid gland is regulated? 6+2+8+4
Year- 2010
a.
Discuss the role of parathormone and calcitonin in the maintenance of Ca2+
and phosphorus homeostasis in normal physiological condition. B. Thyroxine is
administered orally but insulin is administered intra-muscular injection-
Explain. 8+4
General Endocrinology- III
Year – 2016
a.
Describe with suitable diagram the histological structure of adrenal cortex. b.
Discuss the role of glucocorticoids on metabolism, inflammation and
immunological processes. 3+(4+3)
OR
a.
“Heart is an endocrine organ” – justify. b. What are prostaglandins? c. Discuss
the functions of prostaglandins in health and disease. 3+2+5
Year- 2015
a.
What are the chemical minarelocorticoids? B. Discuss the functions of minarelocorticoids.
C. Mention the significance of Renin-Angiotensin system. 3+4+3
OR
a.
Draw a diagram showing the histological structure of adrenal medulla with
proper label. B. Mention the biochemical pathway for the synthesis of adrenal
medullary hormones. C. Discuss the function of adrenal medullary hormones in
the regulation of stress. 3+3+4
Year- 2014
a.
Describe with a suitable diagram the histological structure of adrenal cortex.
B. State the mode of action of glucolocorticoids. C. Name the disease that occur
in hypo functional condition of adrenal gland. 4+4+2
OR
a.
Discuss the functions of adrenal medullary hormones. B. How the secretions of
adrenal medullary hormones are regulated? C. What are prostaglandins? 5+3+2
Year-2013
a.
Discuss the following functions of glucocorticoids – i. Regulation of
metabolism. ii. Regulation of inflammatory and immunologic process. B. Outline
the physiological actions of ANF.
(4+3)+3
OR
a.
How is the secretion of aldosterol controlled? B. Discuss the biosynthesis and
catabolism of catecolamines. 3+(4+3)
Year-2012
a.
Discuss ANF. B. What is rennin –angiotensin system? Discuss the role of this
system in physiological regulation. 5+(4+4)
Year- 2011
1a.
Describe the histological structure of adrenal gland. b. Discuss the functions
of glucocorticoids. c. what is pheochromocytoma? 6+12+2
2a.
Discuss the biosynthesis and catabolism of adrenaline. 8+4 3. Prostaglandin
Year-
2010
1.
QANF 5
Year- 2009
a.
Describe the histological structure of adrenal gland. b. Describe the functions
of gulcocorticoids. C. What is meant by adrenal virilism. D. Describe the
synthesis and catabolism of adrenaline. Prostaglandin. 6+12+2+(6+4)+5
General Endocrinology- IV
Year – 2016
a.
Discuss the role of different hormones in the regulation of blood sugar level.
b. How the secretion of insulin is regulated? c. What is hyperinsulinism? 6+2+2
OR
a.
Discuss the chemical nature and function of ECF. b. State the functions of
“Gastrin”. How the secretion of gastrin is regulated? (2+2)+3+3
Year- 2015
a.
Draw a diagram showing the distribution of α,β and δ cells in pancreatic islets
and name the hormones secreted from each type of cell. b. What are different
types of diabetes? C. What are the causes for the occurrence of different types
of diabetes? 3+2+5
OR
a.
What are growth factors and why these are named so? b. Discuss the functions of
QGF and IGF. c. How the secretion of these Growth factors are regulated? 3+5+2
Year - 2014
a.
Name the hormones and hormone secreting cells of the pancreatic islets. B. Discuss
the role of pancreatic hormones in the regulation of normoglycemia. c. Why
ketosis develops in diabetes mellitus? 2+6+2
OR
a.
What are the origins and chemical nature of gastrin? b. Discuss the functions
of gastrin. c. How the secretion of gastrin is regulated? d. What are the
functions of EGF? 2+3+2+3
Year - 2013
a.
Discuss the mechanism of actions of insulin on target organs. b. Mention the
differences of Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus. 6+(2+2)
OR
a.
Mention the functions of PDGF and IGF. b. Discuss the functions of
cholecystokinin. c. How the secretion of cholecystokinin regulated? (3+3)+2+2
Year - 2012
1a.
Discuss the role of insulin in the maintenance normal blood sugar level. b. What
are type I and type II diabetes mellitus?
2.
EGF
Year - 2011
a.
Discuss the functions of gastrin and secretin.
Year - 2010
a.
Discuss the role of insulin and glucagon in the regulation of blood sugar level. 8+4
b.
Growth factor 5
Year
-2009
a.
Describe the functions of gastrin, secretin and VIP. b. Diabetes insipidus 10+5
Year
- 2008
1a.
Mention the source and chemistry of insulin.
b.
How insulin secretion is regulated? c. Discuss the role of insulin in the
regulation of blood sugar level. (1+3)+6+10
2.
CCK-PZ functions
Chronobiology
Year - 2016
a.
What do you mean by ultradian, circadian and infradian rhythms? b Discuss the
significance of hormonal biorhythms. (2+2+2)+4
OR
a.
Discuss the different zeitgebers in relation with circadian clock. b. What is
the role of suprachiasmatic nuclei on biological rhythm? c. What is Jet-lag?
Year – 2015
a.
What is the neurological basis of physiological rhythms? b. Discuss the role of
pineal and prolactin in the regulation of biorhythms.
OR
a.
Short note – i. Jet lag. ii. frame shift work. iii. Sleep wakefulness cycle.
iv. Time keeping gene.
Year – 2014
a.
What do you mean by ultradian and infradian rhythms? b. How zeitgebers are
related with the circardian clock? c. What is the significance of
adenocorticoical hormones in the maintenance of biorhythms? 3+3+3
OR
a.
How suprachiasmatic nuclei regulate the biological clock? b. What is
chronotherapy? 5+3
Year – 2013
a.
What are circadian rhythms? Explain the neural basis of such rhythms. b. Write
a short note on time-keeping genes. (2+4)+4
OR
a.
Explain the physiological basis of sleep wakefulness cycle. b. Write a short
note on Jet-lag. 6+4
Year – 2012
1a.
Describe the biorhythms of adrenocortical hormones, pineal hormone and body
temperature. b. What are zeitgebers? c. What is infradian rhythm ? How does
shift work affect biorhythms? (3+3+3)+4+3+4
2.
Reproductive biorethyms.
Year – 2011
1a.
Describe the different types of physiological rhythms with example. b. Discuss
the role of suprachiasmatic nucleus on the ‘biological clock’ 12+8
2.
Time keeping gene. 5
Year – 2010
1a.
What are zeitgebers? b. How are they related with circadian clock? Discuss the
bio rhythms of adrenocorticoids, melatonin and prolactin mentioning their
significance. 2+3+(5+5+5)
2.
Jet lag. 3
Year – 2009
1a.
Discuss the different types of physiological rhythms. b. Discuss the role of
suprachiasmatic nucleus as the ‘biological clock’ 12+8
2.
Time keeping gene. 5
Year – 2008
1a.
What is zeitgebers? Mention its different types. b. Mention the sleep wakefulness
cycle. c. Discuss the control of sleep-wakefulness cycle. (2+5)+5+10
2.
Body temperature rhythm.
Reproductive physiology I
Year – 2016
a.
Mention the changes associated with the onset of puberty in male. b. Discuss
the role of Leydig cells and Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis. 4+6
OR
a.
What are spontaeneous and induces ovulation? b. Describe the physiological
mechanism of ovulation. 4+6
Year 2015
a.
Name the accessory sex organs in male. b. What are the secondary sex characters
of male? c. Discuss with diagram the different steps of spermatogenesis
mentioning the mitotic and meiotic steps. How many spermatozoa are produced
from a spermatogonia? 2+2+(5+1)
OR
a.
Describe with a suitable diagram the histological structure of an adult ovary.
b. Discuss the role of hypothalamus in the. regulation of secretion ovarian
hormones for endometrial changes during menstrual cycle. 6+4
Year - 2014
a.
Describe with a suitable diagram the histological structure of testis. b. State
briefly the hypothalamic control of testicular functions. 5+5
OR
a.
What is oogenesis? b. Discuss the mechanism of ovulation. c. How corpus luteum
is formed? c. What if the function of corpus luteum. 2+4+2+2
Year 2013
a.
Discuss with the help of suitable diagram the structure of a spermatozoon. b. Mention
the functions of the different parts of spermatozoon. c. What is blood -testis
barrier? 4+3+3
OR
a.
Describe the histological structure of ovary with a neat diagram. b. Discuss
the physiology of puberty
Year 2012
1.
Secondary sex characters.
2.
Discuss with diagram the process of spermatogenesis. 10
3a.
What is corpus luteum? Describe is formation and functions. b. What is blood
testis barrier
Year 2011
a.
What are the changes associated with puberty? 5
Year 2008
a.
What is spermiation? b. Discuss the physiological mechanism of ovulation. c. State
the functions of Corpus luteum. 2+10+4
Reproductive physiology II
Year – 2016
a.
Describe the different phases of estrous cycle. b. Discuss the role of
different hormones in the development of mammary gland in the different phases
of life. 4+6
OR
a.
Describe the histological structure of placenta with a lebelled diagram. b.
Discuss the physiological changes that take place in the body during pregnancy.
4+6
Year 2015
a.
What is menopause? b. What are the postmenopausal physiological changes in
female? c. State briefly the functions of placenta.
2+3+5
OR
a.
Discuss the role of hormones in maintenance of pregnancy. b. Elicits the
neuroendocrine merchant that controls parturition
Year 2014
a.
Describe the physiological change ovary and uterus during menstrual cycle. b. Discuss
the role hormone in these processes.
OR
a.
Discuss with diagram the development of mammary gland at different parts of
life. b. Mention the role of hormones in this process. c. What is the
immunological basis of pregnancy tests. 5+3+2
Year 2013
a.
Describe the physiological changes that occur at and after menopause. b. Write
a note on foeto-placental unit. 6+4
OR
a.
Elucidate the neuroendocrine mechanisms that control parturition. b. Write a
note on oestrosis cycle. 6+4
Year 2012
a.
What is colostrum? Mention it's physiological importance. b. Why breast milk is
better than cow’s milk for infants? c. Why milk secretion does not initiate
during pregnancy? d. What is spontaneous and induced ovulation? (2+2)+2+2+(3+3)
Year 2011
1.
Describe the role of different hormones in the different phases of development
of mammary gland, milk production and milk ejection. 5+5+5
2a.
Describe the changes in the ovary and the uterus in the different phases
menstrual cycle. b. Discuss the role of
different hormones in this process. 10+10
3.
Immunological pregnancy test
Year 2010
1.Describe
the role of different hormones in the maintenance of pregnancy. 12
Year 2009
1.Pregnancy
test
2.
Describe the role of different hormones on the different phases of development
of mammary gland, milk production and milk ejection. 5+5+5
3.
Describe the changes in the ovary and the uterus in different phases of
menstrual cycle emphasizing on the role of hormones in this process. 14
Year 2008
1.
Describe the changes that take place in the ovary during different phases of
female life. 14
Developmental biology
Year – 2016
a.
Describe the development of alimentary system in human embryo with suitable
diagram. 10
OR
a.
Describe foetal circulation with a neat diagram. 10
Year 2015
a.
What is stem cell? b. Write brief note on gastrulation and placentation.
OR
a.
Describe the embryonic development of human urino-genital system with suitable
diagram. 10
Year 2014
1.
Write notes
a. fertilization, b. Implantation . 5+5
OR
a.
Describe the embryonic human heart with diagram. 10
Year 2013
a.
Mention two important characteristics of stem cells. Write an example to show
the three importance stem cells in modern day implement. b. What is the difference between adult stem
cell and embryonic stem cell? c. Discuss the peculiarities of foetal
circulation. (2+2)+1+5
OR
a.
Describe with the help of suitable diagram the embryonic development of urinary
system on humans. 10
Year 2012
1a.
Describe the development of the alimentary system. b. Discuss the changes in foetal
circulation after birth. 15+5
2.
Fertilization 5
Year 2011
1.
IVF 5
2a.
Describe with diagram the development of urino-genital system in human embryo.
20
Year 2010
a.
Describe the foetal circulation with a neat diagram. b. Discuss the changes in
foetal circulation after birth.
Nutrition and dietetics
Year – 2016
a.
What is B.M.R? b. What are the factors that control B.M.R? c. How B.M.R can be
determined? 2+4+4
OR
a.
What is balanced diet? b. State briefly the principle of formulation of
balanced diet for pregnant and lactating woman. c. What do you mean by protein
efficiency ratio? 2+(3+3)+2
Year 2015
a.
What are fundamental Foods? b. What do you mean by ACU? c. Figure the different
methods that are commonly used for diet survey. 3+1+6
OR
a.
What is biological value of protein? b. What do you mean by positive and
negative nitrogen balance? c. Discuss the physiology of obesity. 2+2+6
Year – 2014
a.
Classify food and food groups. b. State the principle of formulation of balance
diet. c. Prepare the diet chart of a
lactating mother of middle socioeconomic group. 3+3+4
OR
a.
State the factor that regulated BMR. b. Discuss a method of determination of
BMR. c. What is SDA? 4+4+2
Year - 2013
a.
Describe the physiology of obesity.
Explain
the following terms
I.
Protein
efficiency radio
II.
Protein
sparers 6+(2+2)
OR
a.
Outline the principles of diet survey. b. Write a note on specific dynamic
action of food. 6+4
Year 2012
1a.
Physiology of obesity. 5
2a.
Prepare a diet chart of lactating mother.
b. What is supplementary value of proteins
c.
What do you mean by the protein-sparing effect of glucose? d. State the
significance of negative nitrogen balance. 8+2+3+2
Year – 2011
1.
Dietary fibres. 5
2.
SDA 5
3a.
What is ACU? b. Discuss the principles of formulation of balanced diet. c Discuss
the problem of obesity and outs possible remedial measures. 2+8+10
Year 2010
1a.
Physiology of starvation. b. Proton efficiency ratio. 5+5
2a.
What is BMR? b. Describe the methods of determining of BMR by Benedict Roth
apparatus. Discuss briefly the different methods of diet survey. d. What is the
biological value of protein. 2+8+8+2
Year 2009
1a.
What is balanced diet? b. Discuss the principles of formulation of balanced
diet. c. Compare the balanced
diet of woman and a lactating woman of same age group. 4+10+6
2.Dietary
fibers 3. Biological value of proteins 5+5
Social physiology
Year -2016
a.
What are the principles and methods of family planning ? b. What is PCM? c.
Mention the causes and social implications of endemic goitre and xeropthalmia
in the affected communities. 4+2+4
OR
a.
What are the social importance of immunization against diseases? b. Discuss the
measures that could be taken for prevention of malaria and hepatitis.
Year 2015
a.
Discuss the importance of assisted reproductive technologies. b. What the
causes of marasmus, kwashiorkor and osteomalacia. c. Mention the implication of
those nutritional disorders in the affects communities. 4+(1+1)+(1+2)
OR
a.
Name the disease that can be controlled by immunization programmes. b. State
the principles of immunization the prevention of these disease. c. Discuss the
measure that could be taken for prevention or cholera and AIDS. 2+3+(2½+2½)
Year - 2014
a.
State briefly the consequences of infertility
b.
Mention the implication of those disorders in the affected communities. c. What
are the causes of endemic goiter and xerophthalmia? 4+(2+2)+(1+1)
OR
a.
what is PCM? b. State end social importance of immunization the prevention of
disease. c. What are the measures that could be taken for prevention of malaria
and hepatitis? 2+2+(3+3)
Year 2013
a.
Discuss the principles and methods that are used in family planning. b. What is
marsmic kwashiorkor? Mention it's social implication. (3+4)+(1+2)
OR
a.
Mention the social importance of immunization against disease. b. What are assisted
reproductive technologies? c. What are the measures that could be taken for
prevention of AIDS. 2+5+3
Year 2012
1.
Protein calorie malnutrition. 5
2.
Endemic goiter. 5
3.
Distinguish marasmus and kwashiorkor.
4.
Discuss the underlying causes symptoms and the social implications of a. Ricket
b. Xerophthalmia. (6+6)
Year 2011
1a.
Describe the principles and methods of family planning mentioning their
advantages and disadvantages. 14
b.
State end principles and social importance of immunization against infectious
disease.
2a.
AIDS
Year – 2010
1a.
What do you mean by PCM? b. Distinguish between marasmus and kwashiorkor. c.
Write the measures to be taken to prevent PCM. d. Describe the causes and
symptoms of nutritional anaemias. 2+6+4+8
2.
Hepatitis. 5
Year - 2009
1.
AIDS.
2a.
State the principles and social importance of immunization against infectious
disease. 10
b.
Discuss in brief the principles and methods of family planning. 10
Sixth
paper
Work Physiology and Ergonomics
Year – 2016
a.
Discuss the general application of ergonomics for improvement of industrial
safety. b. Describe the general implications of anthropometry in ergonomics.
5+5
OR
a.
Write a comparative note on Light, Moderate, Heavy work from the concept of
physiological work. b. What do you mean by ergogenic aids? Give examples. 6+4
Year 2015
a.
State the basic concept of ergonomics. B. Discuss the effect of ergonomics on
the relation of occupational health hazards. 5+5
OR
a.
Define physical work. B. Discuss different reparatory changes occurred during
heavy industrial work. C. What is the importance of rest pause during maximal
physical work? 2+6+2
Year -2014
a.
Discuss the effects of graded exercise on cardiovascular system. B. How can
work load be classified? 6+4
OR
a.
What are positive and negative work? B. How can the energy cost of various physical work be determined by indirect
method? C. What is the significance of authropometic measurement? 4+4+2
Year -2013
a.
What are isotonic, isometric works? B. Discuss the significance of work rest
cycle in industrial work? 6+4
OR
a.
What is ergonomics? State the factors to be considered to improve industrial
safety. B. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of Treadmill and Bicycle
ergometer for evaluating human performance? 2+4+4
Year – 2012
1.
Occupational health hazards? 5
2a.
Define static and dynamic works. Give example. b. What is graded exercise?
Describe the related cardiovascular changes due to graded exercise.
(2+2+½+½)+(2+8)
3. How anthropometry is related with productivity?
4
4. Why anabolic steroid is considered as ergogenic
aid? 3
Year – 2011
1a.
Describe the basic principles involved in determination of energy cost of
different physical activities. B. What is the significance of introduction of
micropause in long term work. C. Describe the basic concept of ergonomics. 8+8
2. Industrial safety
Year- 2010
1.
Occupational health hazards. 5
2.
Source of energy for different types of physical activities. 5
3.
Describe the effects of graded exercise on ventilation volumes. 8
4.
Describe how physical work capacity can be assessed by Harvard step test. 8
5.
What do you understand by isotonic work? 4
6.
what are the application of anthropometic measurement in physiology. 10
Year -2009
1.
Discuss how proper application of ergonomic
concept help in the fields of industry to increase productivity. 10
2.
Describe and compare the application physiological aspects of static and
dynamic work. 8
4.
Discuss the significance of work rest cycle in long term industrial work. 8
Year- 2008
1.
Significance of anthropometic measurement.
2.
Heart rate may be a good parameter in assessing work capacity of an individual
– Explain. 8
3.
What is meant by ergonomic aids? 6
4.a
Discuss the effects of graded exercise on cardiovascular and respiratory
systems. 7+5
b.
Show the limitations of different sources of energy on power of capacity of
work of an individual. 8
4.
What do you mean by positive, negative and isokinetic work? 9
Sports Physiology
Year – 2016
a.
State the principles of physical training. b. Discuss its impact on performance
level with reference to respiratory changes. c. What is detraining? 3+6+1
OR
a.
Describe briefly the factors that can affect the anaerobic power of an athlete.
b. Describe a suitable method for measurement of maximal oxygen consumption of
an healthy individual. 5+5
Year- 2015
a.
What is physical fitness? B. Discuss the assessment of physical fitness by
Harvert step test. C. What do you mean by warm and cool down? 2+4+(2+2)
OR
a.
Describe the basic concept and useful use of lactate threshold and lactate
tolerance.5+5 B. Discuss the modern concept of muscle fatigue.
Year -2014
a.
What is VO2 max? How can VO2 be measured? What are the
normal values of VO2 in sedentary adults? 2+4+1
b.
What are overtraining and detraining? 3
OR
a. What is EPOC? What are components od EPOC? Discuss the significance of EPOC. B. What will be diet of an endurance athlete prior to competition? 2+4+2+2
a. What is EPOC? What are components od EPOC? Discuss the significance of EPOC. B. What will be diet of an endurance athlete prior to competition? 2+4+2+2
Year -2013
a.
What is physical fitness? How physical fitness can be assessed by Harvard step
test? B. What do you mean by warm up? C. What is lactate threshold? 2+4+2+2
OR
a.
State the principles of physical training. Discuss the effect of physical
training on cardiovascular system. B. What is pre-game meal? 4+4+2
Year -2012
a.
Explain EPOC. How EPOC is determined? What is its significance? B. Describe the
effects of long term physical training on skeletal muscle. c. Discuss the
modern concept of muscle fatigue. 4+6+3+7+5
Year- 2011
a.
What is maximal aerobic power? How can you determine it by a Treadmill? B.
Discuss the physiological features responsible for differences in aerobic and
anaerobic capacity of a trained person and for sedentary person. (4+6)+10
Year- 2010
a.
What do you understand by O2 debt? What is its relation with o2
deficit? What is its significance in sports? 4+4+4
b.
State the principle of physical training. 8
Skin and body Temperature regulation
Year – 2016
a.
Describe the mechanism of sweat formation and secretion. b. State any four
important featurs of cutaneous circulation. 6+4
OR
a.
Briefly write the neural process of body temperature regulation in homeotherms.
b. Distinguish between hyperthermia and hypothermia. What is core temperature?
5+4+1
Year-2015
a.
Describe the role of physical and physiological factors in body temperature
regulation. B. What is hypoxia? How does it develop? 6+(2+2)
OR
a.
Describe with suitable diagram the histological structures of skin. B. What is
sebum? C. What is Insensible perspiration? (3+4)+1+2
Year-2014
a.
How does eccrine sweat gland differ from apocrine sweat gland? B. Discuss the
mechanism of sweat formation? Mention the peculiarities of cutaneous
circulation? 2+4+4
OR
a.
What are the physical process of body-temperature regulation? B. Discuss the
causes of prevention of hypothermia? C. What is non shivering thermogenesis?
4+(2+2)+2
Year- 2013
a.
Describe with suitable diagram the histological structure of skin. B. Discuss
the neural regulation of sweat secretion. 5+5
OR
a.
Discuss the role of hypothalamus in the regulation of body temperature. B. What
is insensible perspiration? C. What is core temperature? 6+2+2
Year – 2012
1.
Hypothermia. 5
2.a.
Mention the peculiarities of cutaneous circulation. B. How sweat secretion is
regulated? C. Discuss the hormonal process involved in temperature regulation
of homeotherms. D. What is non-shivering thermo genesis? E. Distinguish between
eccrine and apocrine gland. 5+6+7+2+4
Year- 2011
a.
Describe the process of temperature regulation in non-sweating glands. B.
Describe with a suitable diagram the histological structure of skin. Discuss
the physical aspects of body temperature regulation in homeotherms. 6+8+6
Year- 2010
a.
Describe the histological structure of skin. B. Discuss the neural control of
body temperature regulation. 8+12
Year- 2009
a.
Discuss the physical and physiological process which are functioning in our
body to maintain normal body temperature. B. Describe the mechanism of
sweating. C. What is non-shivering thermogenesis? 9+8+3
Human and Environment I
Year – 2016
a.
What do you understand by ‘external’ and ‘internal’ environment? b. Discuss the
effects of hypobaric environment on human body. How they can be prevented?
2+(5+3)
OR
a.
Discuss the major physiological effects of cold environment on human body. b.
Write in brief on acclimatization to cold. 6+4
Year- 2015
a.
What is hyperbaric environment? Describe its effects on human. B. What is
caisson disease? (2+6)+2
OR
a.
What is meant by heat stress and heat strain? B. Describe immediate and delayed
respiratory changes due to acclimatisation to high altitude. (2+2)+(3+3)
Year-2014
a.
Discuss the effects of exposure to extreme cold. How acclimatization to cold
environment occurs? B. Discuss briefly the measures that could be taken for the
prevention of hypobaric effects. 4+3+3
OR
a.
Discuss the changes in haematopoietic system in the process of acclimatization
to high altitude. B. Discuss the preventive measures from different heat
disorders. C. What is mountain sickness. 4+4+2
Year- 2013
A.
Discuss physiological changes in the respiratory system in the process of
acclimatization at high altitude. B. Discuss different heat disorders. 5+5
OR
a.
Discuss how O2 toxicity occurs in human body in hyperbaric
condition. Discuss briefly the preventive measures of hyperbaric effects. C.
What is caisson diseases? 5+3+2
Year – 2012
a.
Cold stress.
Year – 2011
1.
Caisson disease. 5
2.
Describe the different type of heat disorders. 8
3.
Describe the process of acclimatization of human body to high altitude. 8
Year – 2008
1.
Heat disorders. 5
2.
Describe the physiological changes obserbed during ascend to high altitude in
human body. 9
Human and Environment II
Year – 2016
a.
Distinguish between ionizing and non-ionizing radiations with examples. b.
Discuss the effects of G-force on human body.
OR
a.
Give at least one example of each of the followings: (i) Pesticide, (ii)
Carcinogen, (iii) Mutagen, (iv) Neurotoxin. b. How can arsenic and cadmium
influence human health? 4+6
Year – 2015
a.
Give examples of any two air pollutants? How do they affect the human health.
B. What is noise? Discuss briefly the non-auditory effects of noise on human
body? (1+4)+(1+4)
OR
a. Name any two war gases. State their effects on human body. B. Describe the effects on non-ionizing radiation on human body. (1+4)+5
a. Name any two war gases. State their effects on human body. B. Describe the effects on non-ionizing radiation on human body. (1+4)+5
Year – 2014
a.
Discuss the causes and prevention of water pollution. B. Discuss the hazards of
insecticides and larvicides on humans. (3+3)+(2+2)
OR
a.
Describe the effects of positive and negative gravity on circulatory system of
human. B. Discuss the green house effects on life. C. What are mutagens?
Year – 2013
a.
Describe the effects on ionizing on human body. B. Mention the preventive
measures against ionizing radiation. What is neurotoxins? 5+3+2
OR
Describe
the effects of noise pollution on auditory system. b. Describe the preventive
measures of noise pollution. C. What are carcinogens? 4+4+2
Year – 2012
1.
Impact of green house effects on life. 5
2a.
Describe the effects of positive G force and negative G force on human body. B.
Discuss the effects of air pollution on human body. C. How air pollution can be
prevented? 4+4+8+4
3.
Discuss the hazards of pesticides and mutagens on human body. 5+4
Year – 2011
1.
Carcinogens. 5
2.
Describe the effects of radiation on human body. How it can be prevented. 8+4
Year – 2010
1.
Impacts of green house effects on life.
2a.
What is meant by pollutants? Describe the effects and protective measures of
air pollution. B. Describe the effects of radiation on human body.
3.
Describe the hazards of pesticides and carcinogens. 5+5
Year – 2009
1.
G force.
2a.
Describe the harmful effects of gamma radiation with its protective measures.
10
b.
Describe the cause and effects of sound pollution in the body. 4+6
Year – 2008
1.
What are the sources of water pollution? Describe the effects of water
pollution on human health. 3+8
Microbiology I
Year – 2016
a.
In microbiology how do you define the term ‘sterile’? b. Describe the different
phases of bacterial growth curve and state their significances. c. Why ager is
used in synthetic media? d. Name the microscope specially used for identifying
bacteria. 2+(4+2)+1+1
OR
a. What is plasmid? b. what do you understand by continuous growth culture and its utility? c. State the functions of pili. d. Name one beneficial and one harmful microorganisms in food. 2+(2+2)+2+2
a. What is plasmid? b. what do you understand by continuous growth culture and its utility? c. State the functions of pili. d. Name one beneficial and one harmful microorganisms in food. 2+(2+2)+2+2
Year – 2015
a.
Discuss any four physical factors required for bacterial growth. B. Describe
the LPS layer of gram negative bacterial structure. C. What do you mean by
pasteurization. D. Why bacterial spores are heat resistant? 4+3+2+1
OR
a.
Discuss briefly the method of acid fast staining and state its importance. B.
Write the major constituents of synthetic media for culture of bacteria. C.
Discuss briefly the methods of prevention of food borne infection. D. State the
function of flagella in bacteria. (3+1)+2+3+1
Year – 2014
a.
discuss the different phases of bacterial growth curve with their significance.
B. Describe the cell wall structure in Gram positive bacteria. C. State the
function of pili in bacteria. 5+4+1
OR
a.
Difference between pasteurization and sterilization. State the function of
plasmids. C. What is disinfection> name the methods of disinfection.
4+2+(2+2)
Year – 2013
a.
Describe the chemical basis of Gram staining. B. Distinguish between
pasteurization and flash pasteurization. State their utilities. C. Discuss the
methods of prevention of food bourn infection. 4+(1+1)+4
OR
a. Can methylene blue be used as a counter stain in Gram staining procedure? Justify your answer. B. Why moist heat scores over dry heat in sterilization? C. Why agar is used in media? D. Describe spore structure. Why is it heat resistant? E. What is continuous growth culture? State its utility. (1+1)+1+1+(2+1)+(2+1)
a. Can methylene blue be used as a counter stain in Gram staining procedure? Justify your answer. B. Why moist heat scores over dry heat in sterilization? C. Why agar is used in media? D. Describe spore structure. Why is it heat resistant? E. What is continuous growth culture? State its utility. (1+1)+1+1+(2+1)+(2+1)
Year – 2012
a.
What is acid fastness? What structural peculiarity make bacterium acid fast?
Sate the medical utility of acid fast staining? 2+3+1
Year- 2011
1.
Describe with a suitable diagram bacterial growth with its major phases. 10
Year- 2009
1.
Explain the different phase of bacterial growth with graphical representation.
6
2.
Sterilization. 5
Microbiology II
Year – 2016
a.
Describe the different steps of Entner-Doudorroff pathway and its significance.
b. Describe briefly the process of bacterial conjugation. (3+2)+5
OR
a.
What is prion? b. Briefly describe the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage. c.
What is the basic difference between ‘bacteriocidal’ and ‘bacteriostatic’
effects? d. Name one chemotherapeutic aagent used in humans
Year – 2015
a.
Describe the glyoxalate cycle and state significance. B. What is fermentation?
C. Define antibiotics. Why penicillin is safe antibiotics for human body.
(4+1)+3+(1+1)
OR
a.
Discuss the generalised transduction process in bacterium. B. Define virion.
Classify viruses on nucleic acid composition and give examples. C. Name one
homo-fermentative bacteria. 6+(1+2)+1
Year – 2014
a.
Discuss different steps of Entner-Doudoroff pathway and significance of this
cycle. B. Describe the lytic cycle of bacteriophage replication. (4+1)+5
OR
a.
Describe the process of bacterial fermentation. B What are chemotherapeutic
agents? Give an example. C. Name a bacteriostatic antibiotic and state its
mechanism of action. 5+2+(1+2)
Year - 2013
a.
Discuss the different steps of Glyoxylate cycle and state its significance of
that cycle. B. Define antibiotics. C. Define prions. Classify viruses based on
nucleic acid composition and give examples. (4+2)+1+(1+2)
OR
a.
Describe the process of bacterial conjugation. B. Describe briefly the
lysogenic phases of bacteriophage replication. 5+5
Year – 2012
a.
Describe the transduction process of bacteria.
b.
Describe the different steps of Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Mention its
importance.
Year- 2011
a.
Describe the Glyoxylate cycle and mention its significance.
b.
What is fermentation?
Year – 2009
a.
Describe the different steps of Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Mention its
importance. 6+2
b.
Describe the different steps of bacterial transformation. 6
Immunology
Year – 2016
a.
Name primary organs involved in immune response. b. What is adjuvant? Give example. c. Describe the
structure of a typical IgG antibody. d. Name the antibody secreted during
primary response. 2+(1+1)+5+1
OR
a.
What do you understand by natural killer cells? b. What do you mean by attrnute
vaccine?. c. What is paratope? d. Give a brief note on Hybridoma technology.
2+2+1+5
Year – 2015
a.
Define immunogen. State any four requirements of a molecule for being an
immunogen. b. State the importance of variable region of an antibody molecule.
c.Distinguish between affinity and avidity. d. Define tocoid. (1+4)+1+2+2
OR
a.
Describe the alternative pathway of complement activation. b. Write any two
differences between structure of MHC class I and MHC class II molecules. c.
Name any two cytokines produced by Th1 cells. d. What do you understand by
allergens? 6+2+1+1
Year – 2014
a.
Describe the structure of a typical IgG antibody. b. State the characteristics
of the adoptive immune system. 6+4
OR
a.
What are haptens and adjuvants? b. Differentiate between active and passive
immunity. c. Write briefly about antigen presentation during an immune
response. 4+3+3
Year – 2013
a.
Describe the process of class switching in antibody molecule. b. What are
cytokines? How they are produces from TH1 and TH2 cells?
c. Distinguish between affinity and avidity?
2+(2+4)+2
OR
a.
Why ‘complement’ is so called? Describe briefly the classical pathway of
complement activation. b. Discuss briefly the process of hybridoma technology.
(1+5)+4
Year - 2012
1.
Haptens and adjuvants. 5
2a.
What are 1o and 2o responses? b. What are adjuvant cells?
c. What is complement system? Discuss its role in the body defence system. d. Describe the formulation, maturation and
activation of B cells. 2+2+(2+5)+6
Year – 2011
1.
AIDS 5
2a.
Describe the typical IGg antibody. b. Describe the interaction required for
antigen antibody reaction. 10+10
3.
Interferon immunity.
Year – 2009
1.
Humoral immunity. 2a. Describe the structure of antibody with suitable diagram.
b. How do the antigen presenting cells (APC), TH Cells interact to
induce humoral immunity? c. Distinguish between primary and secondary immune
system. 8+8+4
Pharmacology
Year – 2016
a.
Define drug. b. State the uses of ‘tubocucarine’ c. Describe the mechanism of
action of an adrenoreceptor agonist and an antagonist. 2+2+(3+3)
OR
a.
What is meant by ED50 od drug? b. What do you understand by
desensitization of drug response? c. What do mean by drug accumulation? d.
State the uses of benzodiazepine and nifedipine. 2+2+2+(2+2)
Year – 2015
a.
What do you mean by osmotic and potassium
sparing
diuretics? B. What is first pars effect? Define bioavailability of a drug. How
first pas effect affects bioavailability? C. Describe briefly the mechanism of
action of an anaestheti. D. What is drug toxicity? 2+(1+1+1)+3+2
OR
a.State
uses of succinyl choline and phenolamine. B. What is half life of a drug? C.
What is drug biotransformation? (2+2+2)+2+2
Year – 2014
a.
Define Drug, agonist and antagonist with examples. B. State mechanism of action of salbutamol. 6+4
OR
a.
What is dose response curve? State its characteristics? What are antianginal
drugs? Give an example and state its mechanism of action.
(2+3)+(1+1+3)
Year – 2013
a.
What is first pass effect? Define bioavailability of a drug. How first pass
effect affects bioavailability. B. What is pro drug? Give an example. C. Define
therapeutic index? What is its utility. D. Describe briefly the mechanism of
drug distribution in human body. (1+1+1)+(1+1)+(1+1)+3
OR
a.
Discuss general mechanism of neuromuscular blocking agents. B. What are loop
diuretics? What is half life drug. 6+(2+2)
Year – 2012
a.
Describe the dose response relationship of drug along with its salient
characteristics. B. What is drug biotransformation? C. Describe the
pharmacological properties and mechanism of action of morphine. 7+5+(2+6)
Year – 2011
1.
LD50
2a.
Describe the actions and therapeutic effects of propranolol in the body. B.
Describe the general mechanis of absobtion and escretion of drugs. 10+10
3a.
State the effects of diuretics on renal function. B. What is meant by
bioavailability of drugs? 8+4
Year – 2010
1a.
Describe the mechanism of action and pharmacological properties of morphine on
human body. B. What is dose response curve? C. What is meant by drug toxicity?
10+6+4
2.
LD50
Year – 2009
1a.
What is dose response curve? Discuss its characteristics. B. Describe the
effects of diuretics on renal function and mechanism of action. C. What is
meant by bioavailability of drug. 6+10+4
2a.
State the mechanism of action of α2 adrenoreceptor blocking agent.
B. State the mechanism of action of antihistamic drug. C. Describe the effects
of tubocurarine in our body. 6+10+4
Year – 2008
1.
Short note – a. Diuretics b. LD50 5+5
2a.
Describe the general mechanism of absobtion and exertion of drugs. B. Discuss
the pharmacological properties and mechanism of action of morphine on human
body. c. State the action of a neuromuscular blocking agent 8+12+4
Biostatistics
Year – 2016
a.
What do you understand by distribution free test? Give an example. b. What is
random sampling? c. What is Null Hypothesis? d. How can a bar diagram be drawn?
(2+1)+2+3+2
OR
a.
write a short note on frequency polygon. b. What is error of inference? c.
Distinguish between paired and unpaired “t” test. d. What is correlation
co-efficient? 5+2+1+2
Year – 2015
a.
What is histogram? b. State the advantages and disadvantages of using mean as a
measure of central tendency over median and mode. C. How does correlation
differ from regression? 2+(2+2)+4
OR
a.
Describe the basic properties of normal distribution curve. B. What is meant by
the level of significance. C. Define degrees of freedom and Z score.
Year – 2014
a.
What is Null hypothesis? B. How can standard deviation and standard error of
the mean be calculated? C. What is random sampling? 3+5+2
OR
Year – 2013
a.
Define population. Distinguish between parameters and statistics. B.
Differentiate between parametric and non-parametric test. Give one example of
each. C. State one salient feature where normal distribution differs from ‘t’
distribution. D. What is Yate’s correction? Where is it used. E. Why standard
deviation scores over mean deviation in the field of statistics. (1+1)+(2+½
+½)+1+(1+1)+2
OR
a.
Why an observed difference may be significant in one tailed ‘t’ test but not in
two tailed ‘t’ test. B. Distinguish between paired and unpaired ‘t’ test. C.
State the advantages and disadvantages of using mean as a measure of central
tendency over median and mode. D. How mean, median and mode are mathematically
related? 3+1+(2+2)+2
Year – 2012
1.
Errors of inference.
2a.
Define standard deviation. Describe the steps of computing standard deviation. B.
What is null hypothesis? C. What is frequency distribution? Describe the method
of construction of frequency distribution table with continuous data.
(2+4)+4+(2+8)
3a.
Describe the properties of normal distribution curve? B. What is meant by
stratified random sampling? 4+4
Year – 2011
1.
Standard error of mean.
2a.
What is students t-distribution. How would you perform t-test for paired
observations mentioning its limitations. B. What is meant by degrees of
freedom?
Year – 2010
1.
Frequency polygon.
2a.
What is chi square test? How can you perform it? B. Explain what you understand
by level of significance? C What is meant by degrees of freedom? (2+8)+5+5
Year – 2009
1.
Frequency polygon.
2a.
Describe Null hypothesis. B. Describe method for paired t-test. C. Describe the
method of frequency distribution of a quantitative data. 4+4+8+8
